Male vs Female Crime Rates Essay Example for Free

Male vs Female Crime Rates EssayStatistics indicate that men argon much promising to dedicate umbr season than women. For example, in 2002 80% of known offenders (481,000+) were men. As there atomic number 18 a number of problems with the reliability and validity of statistics, an alternative to information are self-report studies. These are anonymous and close to believe because they all but guarantee anonymity they encourage respondents to be more truthful than if they were complex in an interview. In the past, sociologists tended to pay attention to only males committing crimes and ignored sexual urge differences. This began to change in the 1970s when feminists such as Carol Smart looked into wo gay and crime and began to ask questions such as wherefore do char commit fewer crimes than men? Why are woman more in all likelihood to commit to social norms compared to men? Is there anything distinctive about a womans experience as an offenders and as victims of cri me? Are woman treated assortedly than men in the justice system? in that location is now an agreement within sociology that when studying crime and deviance we must take into account gender.This inwardness we must also ask questions about men. What is the coitionship between crime and maleness? Sex constituent conjecture this theory argues that boys and girls are socialized differently, therefore resulting in boys becoming more delinquent. There are different versions of this theory. Edwin Sutherland (1949) stated that there are clear gender differences when it comes to socialization. Firstly, girls are more supervised and more strictly look intoled. Secondly, boys are encouraged to take risks and to be tough and aggressive. Therefore, boys perk up more of an opportunity and an endeavor to commit crime.Talcott Parsons (1995) believes that there are clear and obvious gender roles within the nuclear family. The father coiffures roles which fate him to be more of the leader and provider, whilst the mother performs the verbalizeive role of giving emotional support and socializing children. These roles are rooted from the birth of their children as mothers feature to give birth and nurse children. Girls have a readily available female role model at home (their mother) whereas boys have less entre to their male role model as traditionally the father was out at work for around of the time.Boys will be socialized largely by their mother and will tend to reject appearance that is seen as feminine as they compulsively pursue masculinity. Because of the emphasis on toughness and aggression this encourages anti-social appearance and delinquency. Albert Cohen (1955) believed that if boys dont have that readily available role model, socialization sack be a difficult process. Boys coffin nail experience anxiety about their identity as a unfledged man and a solution for this is all male peer groups or street gangs. In these social contexts, aspects of m asculinity can be sayed and rewarded.The idea of being tough and breaking rules can help to correct to the idea of masculinity. The feminist perspectives on who is involved in crime starts from the view that society is patriarchal and woman can only be understood under male dominance. Pat Carlen (1990) stated that a womans crimes can be known as the crimes of the incapacitated as many woman who commit crimes are powerless in some way. For example, they live in poverty with small(a) power to change the situation as children they may have been badly treated and looked after, perhaps being abused by fathers.As adults they have often lived under the dominance of male partners who asserted get wind perhaps in the form of violence. later interviews with 39 woman aged 15 to 46 convicted of various offences, Carlen drew on the control theory saying that woman turn to crime when the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. It appeared that the interviewed women turned to crime as a sa ge choice. Low paid work and unemployment had not led to the standard of living they hoped for, and living an unhappy animateness as children and as adults was very unfulfilling.Unrewarded by family and the workplace and with little power to change the situation, crime was a rational alternative. However, critics of Carlen claim that her sample of woman was too small to make generalized statements. Her explore also suggests that conformity to social norms tends to break down when the rewards for doing so are absent. Conformity and control agree to Frances Heidensohn the striking thing about womans behaviour is their conformity to social norms.Taking in mind the control theory, women have more to lose than men if they deviate from social norms. And looking from a feminist view, she argues that in a male-dominated society the control of woman by men dissuades deviance from norms. In the home and family, women lock have the primary responsibility for raising children and taking on the domestic work. Their commitment to this also mode they are committing to the conformity of the traditional mother-housewife role and socializing their children in terms of societys norms and values.Women have been socialized to conform. Girls are more strictly supervised and given less freedom, they are expected to perform household duties. These expectations and control have been carried on into adult life. As adults, women are not only controlled by their childhood socialization but also by their male partners. Woman who challenge these traditional roles are often brought into line by mens financial and physical power. According to Heidensohn, wife batter is an assertion of patriarchal authority.Womens socialization, domestic responsibilities plus the control imposed on them by men discourage the deviance from social norms. Their lives are centered on the home so they have less freedom to go out. As a result they have less inclination, less time and fewer opportunities to commit crime. Beyond the home a womans freedom to deviate from social norms is also limited in a number of ways for example, some women do not want to go out after gamey as they are in devotion of getting attacked or raped by men.A young womans fear of being attacked by a stranger is five times greater than a young males. They are also less promising to deviate from norms of respectability for fear of being labeled promiscuous. In a working environment men are more likely than women to be in control, in positions such as supervisory or managerial roles, and surveys indicate that inner harassment is common in the workplace and it is a further indication of male power and control which is often experienced as intimidating by women.Both inside and outside the home, there is printing press for woman to conform- and this is reinforced by male power. Crime and masculinities Research into gender over the last 25 years has mainly been concerned with woman and crime as it was seen as a new number after decades of research into men and crime. Feminists would focus on woman and men would enter the equation in terms of the control men had over woman. Researchers now recognize that there is another side to gender and crime and start to ask questions such asWhy are men more likely to commit crime than woman? And is there a relationship between male crime and masculinity? Gender identity is a vital part of the individuals sense of self it is something that community progress to. People are continuously trying to express and present their masculinity or femininity. And in relation to crime, you can say men commit crime as a nitty-gritty of constructing this masculinity to express to others and themselves. There are a number of different masculinities which are shaped by social class, heathenity, age and sexual orientation.Mens position in society provides them with different access to power and resources which leads to different constructions and expressions of mas culinity and this leads to different types of crime. The intimately dominant form of masculinity is known as hegemonic masculinity. Its the most ideal form, which is defined through work in paid labour, the subordination of women, heterosexism and the uncontrollable sexuality of men. intimately men wish to accomplish this. The alternative is subordinated masculinities.They include masculinities which develop in some ethnic minority and lower class groups and homosexual masculinity. Young middle-class white males are usually able to march some of the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity through success at school or college. But this comes at a price subordination to teachers. Some assert their masculinity outside of school through vandalism, petty stealing and heavy drinking. White working- class males are less likely to be successful in education.They sometimes resist school and construct their masculinity around physical aggression, anti-social behaviour, delinquency and some cases violence towards gays and members of ethnic minority groups. Lower working class men from ethnic minority groups with little expectation of educational success or secure employment sometimes assert their masculinity in street gangs. With little chance of accomplishing hegemonic masculinity by legitimate means, they are more likely to turn to robbery and practiced property crime.Even middle class males who have the resources to accomplish hegemonic masculinity use crime to express masculinity. James Messerschmidt argues that white collar and corporate crime are not simply a means for profiting the individual or the organization. There are also a means of accomplishing hegemonic masculinity as a successful breadwinner and as an aggressive risk-taking male Working class crime in the workplace can also be seen as a means of accomplishing masculinity. Workers sometimes resist the authority of management by theft and industrial sabotage.Messerschmidt uses the example of Afric an-Americans to illustrate a subordinated masculinity. Lower class African-Americans males often lack the resources to accomplish hegemonic masculinity. The panderer and hustler are long-established roles in African-American subculture and are often seen as an alternative to subordinated masculinity. The pimp looks after a number of prostitutes and lives of their earnings. With their expensive car, diamond rings and power over women, Messerschmidt argues that the pimp demonstrates a highly visible alternative masculinity to himself and others.