Environmental Quality Free Essay Example, 750 words

Environmental Quality Although in years past, the Twin Cities have had problems with the quality of air pollution and environmental pollution, manythings have been done since then to help vacate themselves of the problem. In fact, the Twin Cities have done so well that Minneapolis is recognized as the only metropolitan city that follows the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol was established as a guideline for air pollution and to reduce emission levels of unsafe gases in the air, and Minneapolis has become the only American city to follow it. This is just the beginning on many of the actions people living around the Metro Area have done to improve environmental status. There have been many government funded agencies which have helped to do testing and figure out ways in which to improve our ecosystem. Minnesota has always been on the forefront in environmental safety. Interestingly enough, one of my teachers has joined the board who helps to decide how many and what types of products must be purchased which are deemed environmentally safe for our state. They help to set guidelines on what kinds of materials can be used and how much must be spent on environmentally safe products versus unsafe products. These are only a few of the things done to help improve the quality of the environment around our area. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Quality or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Local groups have been organizing clean up days and if you ever stroll down Minneapolis, you'll notice how amazingly clean it has become. In fact, sometimes when I take the bus and check out downtown Minneapolis, I barely see a newspaper thrown on the ground somewhere. There are, however, many different things which can be done to help improve the environmental status of the Twin Cities. For instance, increase recycling announcements could be made. Many people I know don't even know where to drop off their items which can be recycled. Bulletins and fliers could be produced and distributed around apartments and dropped off at people's houses with numbers to call an addresses for places to drop off their waste materials. In doing so, we can reduce the amount of trash which is incinerated and put into land-fills, which both create many major environmental problems. Land-fills in particular help to attribute to the funny taste in water in many cities around the Twin Cities. Speaking of which, more treatment plants and more strict rules on these plants could be enforced. One idea which could be considered is the development of Bio Water Treatment Centers, which have become popular and beginning to be developed all over in Europe. In fact, back in Hutchinson Minnesota, they have passes legislative measure which have given funding for such a water treatment center. Minneapolis in particular could benefit from the center, since it has always been on the forefront of technology, and according to Popular Science magazine, it is considered the most technologically advanced city in all of the United States. Why not help to increase that by including a rare Bio Treatment facility? And not only would the facility help to improve tourism and improve the status of Minneapolis, it would also provide a much safer and ultimately cheaper way to treat water. Instead of using harsh chemicals which must be disposed of at various chemical dump sites, Bio Treatment centers use bacteria to eat away at the waste in water. This results in no harsh chemicals and no toxic waste from water treatment facilities, and the same bacteria can be used over and over again, which makes it much cheaper than buying new chemicals all of the time. There are hundreds of ways, once again, that we can improve the environment of the Metro Area, it just needs public attention. Increased environmental advertising and funding for environmental projects could help to stem the flow of pollution and make this one of the most environmentally safe areas on the planet. In the end, it comes down to funding. There are plenty of ways you can organize funding, like donating to local health agencies including United Way, and WHO (World Health Organization). You can get together with your community and help to create field days to spread health awareness to your local neighborhood. And you can always write or call your government officials and express your concern. In the end, only the community banding together can help return the blue horizon instead of the gray future we are now entering. References 1 City Rank Minneapolis, (1997) A document containing many statistics and percentages about health relations, and in this reference, was used to show how Minneapolis ranks in the top 50% overall for health issues. 2 City Rank Minneapolis, (1997) A section on heart disease was referenced, and I pulled the statistic about how Detroit ranks number one for heart disease deaths and Minneapolis has one of the lowest rates 3 Wikipedia, University of Minnesota System, (viewed November 27, 2005) This document provided statistics about the demographical make-up and general history of the University of Minnesota, and how over 50,000 students are currently enrolled within it. Retrieved from the web at http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_system 4 Ashley Logan, personal interview and conversation Using parts of a past interview, I talked about the tobacco ban and its effects on patrons within the metro area. She commented on seeing less patrons around many places since they no longer allow smoking. 5 Boynton Health Services, U of M Tobacco Brochure (2004) A brochure showing charts and graphs of tobacco use and its link to alcohol and drug use, also where I garnered the fact that regular U of M smokers are more than 6 times more likely to use Marijuana than non-smokers (Back page of brochure) 6 Capitol Roundup, Article of Prostitution in the Twin Cities The location of where I came up with my 14 year old prostitute statistic and where I received the numbers of underage prostitutes. Retrieved from http: //www. hometownsource. com/capitol/1999/november/1104teens. html.

India s Growth Of Domestic Market - 954 Words

Later that year, Brazil saw a brisk rise in inflation and a slow growth of domestic market. This led Brazil to a balance of payment shortcoming since there were more import goods rather than exports. Because of this flaw, there have been a lot of government’s intervention in the market. But such intervention could not fix the failure in the market and the import goods were still exceeding. This period of industrialization in Brazil is viewed as the background of the later decline of its regular commodities exports. Within the similar period, India also adopted the substitution industrialization policy. India adopted the strategy of ISI in the 1950s in the same intention as to create self-reliant economy. The ISI strategy, or more known as autarky, was based on the model of growth as propounded by Mahalonobis, which stresses the significance of basic industries for growth; and focus on long term patterns of growth by utilizing of the products of these industries. Similar with Brazil, the implementation of this policy was determined towards basic and capital goods industries substitution, tightening import regulations, giving incentives to the private sector, promoting the heavy industry, and overvalued exchange rate that facilitate the capital goods importations. This was based on the reasoning of lack of industries producing investment goods, which could detain high rates of investment and growth. In contrast with Brazil’s situation, the lack of competition in India createdShow MoreRelatedIndi Indias Economic Effect On The United States1717 Words   |  7 PagesCultivating India: How India Is Growing and Why It Matters to the United States Introduction A. The Importance of India in the Global Market (include problem and Thesis statement that answers it) B. Preview: why and how india’s economy is growing and competing globally C. 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Much Ado Essay Example For Students

Much Ado Essay Much Ado About Nothing Film Versus Theatre PresentationsShakespeare’s comedy Much Ado About Nothing is a witty play that is interpreted in many different ways for many different audiences. Branaugh’s movie rendition, compared to the Shenandoah Shakespeare Company’s play, have many separately emphasized points. If we look at elements such as use of space, costuming, and love relationships we find that Kenneth Branaugh emphasizes the separation of the military from the domestic which eventually heads down to the separation of men and women, while in the stage production, the director emphasizes the relationship and friendship between Claudio, Benedict, and Don Pedro. In Branaugh’s movie version of Much Ado About Nothing there is much emphasis placed visually upon the military and the domestic atmosphere. From the beginning of Branaugh’s interpretation the clear distinction between the two groups is visually portrayed. The movie begins with Emma Thompson, Beatrice, reading aloud to her friends and family in a relaxed laid back setting. The first domestic scenes lay out the tranquility of Leonato’s home compared to the rough and public military scenes. The first military scene shows Don Pedro and his comrades riding up to Leonato’s house. The scene is visually pleasing with the soldiers striding up to the house on horses with their arms raised in the air in slow motion. A strong sense of military valor is established through the soldier’s actions, and the movie has already established a sense of military and domestic space, which the play did not capture. The Shenandoah Shakespeare Company’s version of the play began very differently. There was no domestic or military atmosphere at all and the way the company chose to interpret the characters was extremely interesting. Leonato and his brother were dressed in business suits and the women were all in either colored dresses or skirts. The military men were still dressed in their suits but did not seem as out of place as they did in the movie. The distinction between the domestic and military space was not emphasized as it was in the movie and having all of the characters sitting on the stage at one time made the two groups mingle together as a whole. The company chose to act the play in this manner, but I felt that having the two separate groups made the plot more realistic. The movie emphasized the two separate groups well when both meet after the first scene for dinner. The two groups come in from different sides of the courtyard and meet in the middle. The soldiers enter in a perfectly shaped ‘V’ with their uniforms on while the domestic people enter in an awkwardly shaped ‘V’ almost impersonating the military. The sense of form and power is established at this point in the movie. The domestic group enters the masquerade before the soldiers in an intermingling line of men and women with no established order. The military enters the masquerade in a perfectly shaped form allowing the audience to see the sense of order and conduct within the soldiers. The military are also wearing identical face masks so that they cannot be distinguished from one another, but can be distinguished as a group. The play does not emphasize either the meeting for dinner or the masquerade as well as the movie. It allows the two groups blend in as a whole resulting in the soldiers having a lesser feeling of authority and power. The masquerade begins in the play with the characters about to dance and the wonderful sense of space is lost due to the lack of distinction between the two groups. Beginning the scene without the characters entering in separate groups takes away the sense of distinction between the groups and allows the soldiers to begin to blend in with the domestic atmosphere. .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 , .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 .postImageUrl , .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 , .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41:hover , .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41:visited , .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41:active { border:0!important; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41:active , .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41 .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua11d5ae1280c7e887383f676e7e3fb41:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: DanteS Inferno (1497 words) EssayThe opening scene of the movie showed the masculinity of the soldiers right away where as the play did not. This was easier to show because the movie allowed for the use of more space and props, which the play could not. Showing the masculinity of the military right away in the movie established a sense of power and authority that the play did not quite capture, which makes the humiliation of Hero

Nuclear Bomb Essays - Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki

Nuclear Bomb Technology is a great thing, it aids man in the exploration of the universe, and himself. But there are times when technology can be the greatest downfall of man. One such time was when the creation of the nuclear bomb. Which was to be used in the Was in efforts to end it. In 1939, a group of scientists, including Albert Einstein, wrote a letter to President Roosevelt to warn of the Nazi s effort to purify Uranium-235, which would be used in the creation of a bomb of mass-destruction. This prompted the president to create the Manhattan Project, the code-name for a top-secret project which would put the world s most brilliant scientists together to create a bomb. In 1942 General Leslie Grove was chosen to lead the project. He purchased a site at Oak Ridge, Tenn. For facilities to work on extracting Uranium 235. For the next 3 years nearly 200,000 people, working in 40 factories, worked 6 days a week, usually for 18 hour days in order to finish the project. In 1945, President Truman had received some unsettling news, the bombs had been finished. 3 bombs had been produced, and it was time to test them to see if they had been successful in creating a nuclear weapon. The government had chosen a site in New Mexico called the Trinity Testing Site in Alamogordo. On July 16th, They conducted the first Nuclear Bomb testing. They had proved that the bombs were usable, now the had to decide whether or not to drop the bomb. The scientists who created the bomb, started to realize that the had created something that would change the world as they knew it. The began to urge the president not to drop the bomb in Japan, but instead to show Japanese officials what would happen if the bomb was to be dropped on their country. Truman was against this because he had no idea if the other two bombs would work if the were to be dropped. So, Truman had to chose whether to drop the bomb, or show the effects of it. Truman knew that a full-scale invasion of Japan, in order to end the war, was to dangerous because of the possibility for severe American casualties. Truman had weighed the issues and decided to drop the 1st bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. On August 6th 1945, a plane named the Enola Gay, flew over Hiroshima and at 8:15 am one minute after the Little Man was dropped the plane, 2,000 feet above the ground, the 1st casualties of the Nuclear Age were becoming statistics. Within milli-seconds anyone within a mile of the blast was vaporized. Large Buildings and human beings around the city were being destroyed by extremely high temperatures and winds produced from the explosion (The Atom Bomb, Internet). A bright light filled the plane, wrote Lt. Col. Paul Tibbets, the pilot of the Enola Gay. We turned back to look at Hiroshima. The city was hidden by that awful cloud...boiling up, mushrooming. For a moment, no one spoke. Then everyone was talking. Look at that! Look at that! Look at that! exclaimed the co-pilot, Robert Lewis, pounding on Tibbets's shoulder. Lewis said he could taste atomic fission; it tasted like lead. Then he turned away to write in his journal. My God, he asked himself, what have we done? It is believed that more than 140,000 people died by the end of the year (Ohba, Benson) One girl, whos opinion was shared by other Japanese, said No matter how much I think of it, what a nasty horrible atom bomb! What was the war fought for? Many Were Killed, For Peace, they said, but where is this peace (Osada)? The massive effects of the bomb was not enough for the emperor of Japan to sign a peace treaty. So Truman ordered the second bomb, named Fat Man to be dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. The blast produced a blast greater than the one in Hiroshima, but due to the geographic structure of the city, the bomb did less damage. It was less damage, but it still managed to kill an estimated 70,000 people by the end of the year(Ohba, Benson). The second

Creating a Theoretical Framework for the Teachers Philosophy of Education

LSD essays

LSD essays L.S.D is known to the scientific world as D-lysergic-acid-diethylmide. Some common names for LSD, are as follows: Acid, 'Cid, bart Simpsons, Barrels, Tabs, Blotters, Heavenly blue, "L", Liquid, Micro-Dots, Mind Detergant, Orange Cubes, Orange Micro, Owsley, Hits, Paper Acid, Sacrement, Sandoz, Sugar, Sunshine, Ticket, Twenty-Five, Wedding Bells, Windowpanes, etc. There are a number of methods to produce LSD variants at home, as well as pure LSD. The normal stoner that would be make LSD variants won't have the Knowledge to make LSD but with the help of alcohol, a type of ether (which can be procured from school labs), and morning glory seeds they can produce a slightly different drug. While it is still mainly LSD, you also have the variables of alcoholic consumption. And these variants work on contact. Unlike LSD which takes a few minutes to run through your blood, the liquid variants seep right through the tissue membranes and directly into the blood. Why is LSD used? Many cu ltures use it as a release of the mind for meditive reasons only, such as some Indian Nations, and also some Oriental Religious sects. Also the CIA has had in the past a keen interest in LSD, for specifically two reasons. To wear down enemy spies so that they will give information, and also to calm their own agents so they will not show agitation, or anxiety while "on the job". The rest of the people use it for fun, or either scientific testing. LSD effects more then one of the human body systems. Somatic effects are, hyperthermia, hyperglycemia, vomiting, and hypotension. Psycological effects are, hallucinations, depersonalization, reliving of repressed memories, mood swings, euphoria, megalomania, and a schizophrenic-like state. Cognitive effects are, disturbed thought process, difficulty expressing thoughts, impairment of reasoning, and impairment of memory. Perceptual effects are, increased stimulus from environment, changes in shapes/color ...

Chapter # 7 Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter # 7 Presentation - Essay Example Department of Health and Human Services should; establish a three-tier structure model based on financial risk by ACO: link payment concept to ACO qualification levels: provision of Medicare and insurance with at least one ACO: assign Medicare to patients who have no provider (hospital). Currently, physicians lack elements to participate in level II and level III ACO. It is recommended to have; private sector, professional association and CMC Quality Improvement Organization (QIOs) which should provide administrative governance and technical assistance. The office of the national coordinator should provide funds to ACOs with implementing electronic health records (Harrington, 380). CMC should pay the providers for coordination, prevention of diseases and protection of people’s health. Changes may be required to facilitate innovation in payment, incentive, ACO formation, laws and policies in major five major areas. The healthcare system changes will not benefit all providers, but it will meet the demand of the increased population. The reform focuses on rewarding providers on the delivery of quality services to patients. ACO focuses on addressing defects in organizations and payment health care. ACO also provides encouragement to create a feeling of union by general patients as opposed to discrete entities. The two main essential features of ACO are; first, designate accountable provider entities that share collective responsibilities for treating grouped patients. The second feature is the performance measurement and new payment method where each provider’s payment is to be based on care (Gold and Felt, 2008). ACOs raise concerns of health care delivery in the United States. ACOs proposal focuses on grouping of patients for providers to work together closely to improve the quality performance measures. From past experiences, the ACOs have learnt that providers are a vital, and changes are tied to providers. Areas to be improved for

HUM310_LU5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

HUM310_LU5 - Essay Example Modern art experimented with different textures and figurative images designed to provoke artistic thought rather than idealizing age-old concepts such as feminine beauty or simplistic artistic expression. What impressed me most was how human thought was able to be expressed on canvas using styles not previously seen in most historical pieces of artwork. Picasso’s â€Å"The Weeping Woman† uses geometric abstraction that is superimposed over the image of a woman who is obviously in distress. This oil on canvas piece shows her anguish as though her tears are literally stripping her face of its vibrancy. This is obvious by the graying areas around her mouth while the rest of her face explodes in vivid colors. It is the use of color distinctions to show her terrible emotional state and the impact that it has on the soul. The gray tones around her mouth seem to indicate that she has cried so much that she is actually turning to ice and her mouth looks to be spitting out frost from having had her heart broken so many times. It was the story behind the painting that made me examine it more closely. Picasso was attempting to use his real-life mistress, Dora Maar, as a model for the picture who he thought cried far too often. He met her in a cafà © where she was busy dropping a penknife between her fingers on the cafà © table, missing and creating small drops of blood while she continued the activity (Button). Picasso was very abstract and it seems this woman was also, which made the story of their romance more intriguing because she was a perfect match for his creative and eccentric personality. This work is representative of most abstract painters, but does not necessarily have the same themes and use of materials that other modern art pieces do. It is unique to a very creative mind that is able to present hidden psychological

Reflective Commentary Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Reflective Commentary - Coursework Example The mission of Nottingham University Business School is to improve business and management knowledge. It trained us to perform well in national competitions. It offers full time MBA program and executive MBA program. I have been assigned a project to work on an Indian Industry. For this purpose, I have taken help from the professors of Globsyn Business School as it is one of the renowned B-School of India and have the corporate contacts also. Here, I got to know that the new economy environment of the school crafted it one of the most forward thinking B-School in India. With a built on research and technology, innovation, along with distinctive initiatives in the form of Knowledge Connect, Global Connect and Corporate Connect, Globsyn is creating a globally networked, corporate know-how, research driven management education system. It moves further than traditional forms of management knowledge to a research based delivery framework in order to create â€Å"Industry Ready Managersâ €  to work in today’s technology driven business environment. ... The PGDM/MBA programme provides for strong curriculum based learning. The specialisation offered under PGDM/MBA program is marketing, information system, finance and human resources. I also gained Indian MBA experience along with a wide area of study. Analytical method of teaching is taken into consideration rather than descriptive teaching. Quizzes and tests have been conducted on weekly basis. E-learning was also conducted which includes video clips and audio presentation. It also includes teaching through power point presentation. The program has been planned to provide assistance to the students to prepare either for corporate management careers or to pursue academic studies in India or abroad. It also includes contribution towards research and development or joins the academic community. There are many options for us to work in a variety of fields ranging from NGO’s to Government assignments etc. Globsyn Business School gives the option to choose our area of studies and e xcel in our respective domains. Though the first year consists of compulsory papers, we get the choices to cross-skill ourselves and face the competitive business environment. In second year, we can choose our specialisation in our interested area of study. I also came to know that as a part of Global Connect Program, the international faculty member takes classes thereby giving us opportunity to learn new and contemporary management techniques Learning Culture of Nottingham University Business School (Home Country) Nottingham University Business School offers Full-time MBA, Executive MBA, MBA Corporate Social Responsibility, MBA Entrepreneurship, and MBA Finance. The programme is designed to provide us with different skills and knowledge to succeed in

Ethnocentric Approach To Human Resources Management Essay

Ethnocentric Approach To Human Resources Management Essay In this time of rapid globalisation and competitive business world, firms seek to gain competitive advantages by going global via entering foreign markets. According to Chew and Horwitz, (2004), over the years, this rise in global competitive pressure has led to the growth of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) that generated the need for developing global management strategies as well as to designing International Human Resource Management (IHRM) strategies in order to gain long term competitive advantages. Subsequently, Shen, (2005, p83-102) as cited in Plessis and Huntley, (2009, p414), reports that the notion of International Human Resource Management (IHRM) can be defined as a set of distinct activities, functions and processes that are directed at attracting, developing and maintaining the Human Resources (HR) of a Multinational Corporation (MNC). Thus, the above definition clearly implies that the various Human Resource Management (HRM) practices of a Multinational Corporation (MNC) are entirely focused upon the international management strategy that it adopts in order to maintain or manage its Human Resources (HR) within its foreign subsidiaries. Moreover, Sims, (2002, p364) states that Multinational Corporations (MNCs) usually adopt one of the four major strategic approaches to planning and managing their international Human Resources (HR). In addition, Hodgetts and Luthans (1999, p253) as cited in McNally and Parry (2000, p85) also state that Multinational Corporations (MNCs) usually adopt one of Heenan and Perlmutter (1979) classifications of international staffing which include either the ethnocentric approach, the polycentric approach, the regiocentric approach or the geocentric/transnational approach to planning and managing Human Resources (HR) globally within the foreign subsidiaries. Furthermore, according to Caligiuri and Stroh, (1995, p496), over the years, ethnocentric Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have been dominant in numbers, especially in the case of firms from developed countries like the UK and the US seeking to enter the lesser developed foreign markets within the region of Asian countries. This according to Sims, (2002, p365) is mainly due to the fact that such an approach to International Human Resource Management (IHRM) simply requires exporting the Multinational Corporations (MNCs) already established Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and policies to its foreign subsidiaries via the usage of expatriates. However, Weirich and Koontz, (2007, p277) over the recent decade, various literatures published by academicians and practitioners within the field of International Human Resource Management (IHRM) have illustrated that each of these strategic approaches to planning and managing Human resources (HR) internationally has its own merits and demerits for these Multinational Corporations (MNCs). Hence, this report seeks to critically evaluate the benefits and the drawbacks for adopting and ethnocentric approach to Human Resources (HR). In doing so, this report firstly outlines what constitutes adopting an ethnocentric approach to International Human Resource Management (IHRM) and then highlights its merits and demerits in addition to providing a brief overview of the benefits and the disadvantages of the other approaches to international staffing. This report discusses the merits and the demerits of adopting an ethnocentric approach to managing Human Resources (HR) globally within the context of a US owned Multinational Corporation (MNC) which is looking to reassessing its current ethnocentric approach to managing its Human Resource (HR). The given scenario of this report is that the Human Resource (HR) director of this US based Multinational Corporation (MNC) feels that its ethnocentric approach to managing its Human Resources (HR) globally is inhibiting the organisations a ttempt to become a global company. Thus, by evaluating the advantages and the disadvantages of adopting an ethnocentric approach to international Human Resources (HR) strategy, this report would provide critical analysis of various academic literatures and other relevant sources in order to come to a rounded conclusion and provide justifiable recommendations. These recommendations would be in relation to whether this US based Multinational Corporation (MNC) should continue to adhere to its ethnocentric approach to managing its staff globally or whether this US based Multinational Corporation (MNC) should seek to alter its current approach to managing its staff globally in order to truly become a global company and to gain further competitive advantages in the years to come. The evaluation of the merits and demerits of adopting the ethnocentric approach also constitutes providing a brief overview of the advantages of adopting the other approaches to managing staff globally which include the polycentric, the regiocentric or the geocentric approach. Hence, this report would not only provide valuable insights to the Human Resource (HR) director of the US based Multinational Corporation (MNC) but would also provide the general readers of the report with useful information in relation to comprehending the importance of adopting those International Human Resource Management (IHRM) practices and policies within its foreign subsidiaries which provide the Multinational Corporation (MNC) with sustainable competitive advantages over the long run. Overview of the Merits and Demerits of the Four Major Strategic Approaches to International Human Resource Management (IHRM) As mentioned earlier in this report, there are mainly four major approaches that most Multinational Corporations (MNCs) adopt in relation to managing their Human Resources (HR) globally. According to Caligiuri and Stroh, (1995, p496), these have been categorised by Heenan and Perlmutter (1979 as a Multinational Corporations (MNCs) global management strategies of being ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric or geocentric/transnational in its approach to managing its Human Resources (HR) within its foreign subsidiaries. Plessis and Huntley, (2009, p417) defines the ethnocentric approach as the approach where the cultural values and business practices of the home country are predominant as it is the Head Office (HO) of the Multinational Corporation (MNC) which develops a managing and staffing approach and applies it consistently around the world. According to Pattanayak, (2005, p416), Multinational Corporations usually adopt such a strategy in the early stages of internationalisation process in order to ensure that the corporate values of the parent company are instilled within its foreign subsidiaries so that the same corporate standard and reputation is maintained all over the globe. For example, McNally and Parry, (2000, p85) asserts that such an ethnocentric predisposition allows a global company to control the strategic direction of all its foreign subsidiaries and that it is a very nationalistic approach as it highly regards the parent companys Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and policies as the best-way for managing the Human Resources (HR) globally as well as to attaining the overall corporate goals of the Multinational Corporation (MNC). Furthermore, Sims, (2002, p365) states that Multinational Corporations (MNCs) usually adopt this strategy via sending expatriates to fill all the senior management posts within it foreign subsidiaries as a result of which these Multinational Corporations (MNCs) can withhold tight control over all their foreign counterparts. According to Ferner, etal, (2004, p364), the Head Quarters (HQs) of these Multinational Corporations (MNCs) not only send expatriates but also plays a crucial hand in outlining or highly dictating the policy on other aspects of Human Resource Management (HRM) which include factors like compensation and reward systems, collective bargaining, communications, union recognition, and welfare and training policies, etc. The benefits of adopting an ethnocentric approach is able to be seen when a firm needs to produce extremely standardised products or when the host-country lacks technological expertise in which cases employing staff from the Head Quarters (HQs) can guarantee consistency to a great extent (Francesco and Gold, 2003, p166). Thus, from these statements, it can be clearly deduced that those Multinational Corporations (MNCs) who seem to adopt such an ethnocentric approach or strategy to managing its staff globally mainly seek to centralise its Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and policies which are mainly designed and implemented at the Head Quarters (HQs) of such Multinational Corporations (MNCs) with the view to maintain total control over its foreign subsidiaries. However, adopting such an ethnocentric approach to managing Human Resources (HR) has its own drawbacks despite of the merits of being able to hold onto the cultural values of the Head Quarter (HQ) of a Multinational Corporation in addition to being able to yield the benefit of maintaining a tight control over its foreign subsidiaries (Decenzo and Robbins, 2009, p5). In addition, Francesco and Gold, (2003, p166), asserts that sending expatriates to foreign subsidiaries also limits the promotion opportunities of host-country staff which could lead to demoralisation of the staff at these foreign subsidiaries in addition to loosing advantages that could be gained from competencies of local members of senior management staff. Thus the above statements clearly imply that an ethnocentric approach to Human Resources (HR) can be highly rigid which can inhibit the flexibility that contemporary firms require in order to gain competitive advantages in this era of rapid globalisation of markets and growing competition. On the other hand, McNally and Parry, (2000, p85) reports that the polycentric approach to managing Human Resources (HR) are based on strategic decisions which are adapted to suit the cultural context of the countries within which these Multinational Corporations (MNCs) operate. This implies that within a polycentric approach, the Human Resource Management (HRM) policies and practices within the foreign subsidiaries are adapted to meet the cultural and other environmental circumstances of the countries in which these Multinational Corporations (MNCs) operate. In other words, Sims, (2002, p365), reports that such a strategy makes a subsidiary independent from its Head Quarter (HQ) as mainly local managers are given the responsibilities for managing their Human Resources (HR). Myloni, etal, (2004, p; 519) reports that such an approach to staffing and managing Human Resources (HR) is seen to be less expensive as Multinational Corporations (MNCs) do not need to send expatriates for managing its foreign subsidiaries as required in the case of adopting an ethnocentric approach. In addition, it also resolves the issues of adapting to cultural changes when expatriates are sent to foreign subsidiaries and also eliminates the costs that can be incurred from failed expatriate assignments (Monks, etal, 2000, p541). However, Pattanayak, (2005, p417) states that such an approach also presents the challenges for Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in relation to maintaining understanding between the corporate and the subsidiary management in addition to imbibing the original culture of the company. On the other hand, Hannon etal, (1995, p536) report that the regiocentric approach to Human Resources (HR) strategy highly focuses on grouping of subsidiaries based on specific regions instead of countries. Furthermore, according to Sims, (2002, p365), these subsidiaries are usually staffed by managers from any of the countries within the region which poses the drawback of limiting communication between the region with their Head Quarters (HQs). Subsequently, Edwards and Rees, (2006, p113) asserts that with the geocentric/transnational approach, Multinational Corporations (MNCs) seek to create a synergy of best practices. According to Kelly, (2001, p538) these best practices are adopted from both the Head Quarters (HQs) of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and from their respective subsidiaries in order to develop consistent global Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and policies which can eventually yield long term organisational competitive advantages for both the Multinational Corporations (MNCs) as well as for their subsidiaries. For example, Buzzle, (2009) reports that within such an approach, suitable managers are hired centrally for taking key managerial positions within the foreign subsidiaries from a global pool of talent , chosen in accordance to their abilities to meet the global corporate objectives in addition to being responsive to local needs. Myloni etal, (2004, p521) claim that this approach to Human Resource (HR) strategy enables a Multinational Corporation (MNC) to develop core competencies in the form of competent managers which can be a crucial source of gaining competitive advantages for a global firm. However, according to Pattanayak, (2005, p417), such an approach also has its own demerits in the form of being expensive to recruit the best talents in addition to completing the paper formalities associated in relation to hiring these foreign nationals to work at different parts of the globe for specific subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations (MNCs). Despite of these drawbacks, by far, from the discussions made above, it can be clearly deduced that the geocentric or the transnational approach to Human Resource (HR) strategy would suit the global corporate goals of most Multinational Corporations (MNCs). Thus, from all the above discussions, it can be stated that even though each of these different strategic approaches to International Human Resource Management (IHRM) strategies have their own merits and demerits, the ethnocentric approach to Human Resource (HR) strategy seems incompatible towards attaining the flexibility that is needed in order to gain competitive advantages in this era of global competition. Subsequently, the geocentric or the transnational approach seems to be the most relevant and to be the most useful approach that a Multinational Corporation (MNC) should seek to adopt in this era of contemporary business world. However, for substantial evaluation of the appropriateness of these strategies the following other factors which highly influence International Human Resource Management (IHRM) also need to be taken into consideration. Other factors that influence the approach that is adopted to International Human Resource Management (IHRM) According to Muratbekova-Touron, (2008, p335), in this era of rapid globalisation and competitive business world, one of the major growing concerns facing such global companies or Multinational Corporations (MNCs) is that how such companies can attain the right balance between the local autonomy of their subsidiaries and the extent to which these are controlled by the corporate headquarters of these Multinational Corporations (MNCs). Furthermore, Reade, (2003, p208) illustrates that the statement that greater collaboration between all the subsidiaries of a Multinational Corporation (MNC) is not only highly desirable but is also completely essential in order to effectively cope with the global competitive pressures and towards becoming successful in attaining global competitive advantages. Moreover, Liu, (2005), also confirms the notion that Multinational Corporations (MNCs) face the dilemma of optimising the balance between standardisation and localisation of Human Resource Management (HRM) policies and practices. This according to Liu, (2005) is because of the desire of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) to develop global brands by thinking globally and acting locally and by developing the right balance between local responsiveness and global consistency and control. Subsequently, Markus and Harzing, (2007) state that contemporary Multinational Corporations (MNCs) should not opt for standardisation in terms of adopting the home country practices but should seek to adopt the strategies which underline the best practices in relation to Human Resource Management (HRM). Furthermore, Reade, (2003, p208) reports that the Head Quarters (HQs) of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have the responsibility of identifying and transferring relevant skills and expertise from different parts of the corporation as well as of disseminating it to all its foreign subsidiaries in order to attain its global as well as local corporate objectives (Reade, 2003, p; 208). For example, Markus and Harzing, (2007) state that if the home country practices of a Multinational Corporation (MNC) are highly effective then all the subsidiaries of that company should be yielding competitive advantages provided those practices are applicable in different cultural and other environmental contexts. This is because, according to Francesco and Gold, (2003, p166), although the overall international corporate strategy of a firm determines which strategic approach to International Human Resource Management (IHRM) it adopts, other environmental factors should also be taken into consideration while determining which strategy a Multinational Corporation (MNC) should adopt in relation to managing its Human Resources (HR) globally. Such factors include the political and legal factors, level of development in foreign locations, technology and nature of the product, organisational life cycle as well as cultural differences (Francesco and Gold, 2003, p166). Moreover, Markus and Harzing, (2007) states that ethnocentric approaches to managing Human Resources (HR) globally are no longer valid in this era of competitive and globalised business world and that the geocentric or the transnational approach to managing Human Resources (HR) internationally is more contemporary towards attaining competitive advantages and towards becoming truly global by implementing the best Human Resource Management (HRM) practices within contemporary Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and in their respective foreign subsidiaries around the globe. 4.0 Conclusions From the critical analysis of various literature sources made above, it can be concluded that the US based Multinational Corporations (MNC) should change its approach from an ethnocentric one to a geocentric or a transnational approach to managing its Human Resources (HR) globally in order to gain more flexibility in terms of adapting Human Resource Management (HRM) practices according to subsidiaries cultural and environmental contexts. This is because contemporary firms can gain competitive advantages only by adopting Human Resource Management (HRM) strategies that find the right balance between standardisation versus localisation of such practices and policies. Recommendations The following recommendations have been drawn for the US based Multinational Corporation (MNC) based on the critical evaluation of the benefits and the drawbacks of adopting an ethnocentric approach to managing Human Resources (HR): The Multinational Corporation (MNC) should adopt a geocentric approach to Human Resource (HR) strategy rather than an ethnocentric one in order to gain competitive advantages as the ethnocentric approach pose certain limitations which inhibit companies from going truly global in terms of failing to adopt the best practices in relation to International Human Resource Management (IHRM). However, the firm should also take into consideration whether the environmental factors mentioned earlier in this report support it to alter its approach to International Human Resource Management (IHRM). For example, if this US based Multinational Corporation (MNC) produces highly technological or standardised products then it might need to continue with its ethnocentric approach. Nevertheless, the firm could still opt to adopt a geocentric approach to staffing and hire the best expertise from around the world in order to gain competitive advantages over the long run. Thus, it can be stated that the US based Multinational Corporation (MNC) should seek to alter its approach from an ethnocentric to a geocentric/ transnational one in order to manage its Human Resources (HR) more effectively globally. (Words: 3000)

Political Party Essay

1. Political Party: group of individuals who seek to control government through winning elections. 2. Plurality: the largest number of votes cast for the office 3. Incumbent: current officeholder 4. Splinter Parties: those individuals who have split away from one of the major parties 5. Major Parties: American Politics, Republican and Democratic parties 6. Bipartisan: two major parties find common ground, in this endeavor. 7. Electorate: the people eligible to vote. 8. Precinct: smallest unit of election administration; the voters in each precinct report to one polling area. 9. Partisanship: secure commitment to a political party is the source for government action. 10. Pluralistic Society: contains of several diverse cultures and groups. 11. Ideological Parties: those based on particular sets of beliefs. 12. Two-Party System: in an election, only Republican or Democratic Party’s candidates have a realistic chance of winning public office. 13. Consensus: a general agreement among various groups- on fundamental matters. 14. Single-issue parties: concentrate on only one public-policy matter. Questions 15. What is the major function of a political party? – Political parties serve four essential functions; and in serving these functions, the parties allow the United States to more closely approach the ideal of democracy. The first and most important function of an American party is to organize elections by nominating candidates and seeking office. 17. Briefly explain two ways in which American Government is government by party? – One reason for the two party systems is that the Electoral College is winner-takes-all, preventing 3rd parties from gaining power. Another one is to ensure the voters that they can take action towards the government through their selected party. 20. How is the ideological consensus of the American electorate reflected in the membership of the major parties? – Since the beginning of the USA there has been a general consensus on many of the major issues. This is not to say that Americans have always agreed on every matter. The nation has been deeply divided for many years at a time. 21. (a) Which political party was the first to appear in the new United States? (b) Who was its leader and what type of government did it favor? -Hamilton and other leaders who wanted a strong central government banded together to put over their policies. In 1787 they began calling themselves the Federalists. This was the first United States political party. 24. What unusual feature characterizes the present era of political party dominance? – The Democratic Party hired organizers chosen by the state parties in every state, so democrats could win the elections. 25. Briefly describe the four types of minor parties. – The four types of minor parties consist of the ideological parties, the single-issue parties, the economic protest parties and the splinter parties. 26. Historically, what have been the most important roles of minor parties? Briefly explain one of these roles. -To give more freedom of expression and to make sure that there is not one party stronger than another. The Election of 1912 Roosevelt created The Progressive Party a.k.a. the Bull Moose Party. 27. Why is the party in power more cohesive than the opposition party? -Republicans all believe the exact same thing word for word, making them far more cohesive, and brainwashed, then the democrats who have their own individual opinions and beliefs. 29. List and explain four factors that have contributed to the present weakened state of the major parties. – A sharp drop in the number of voters willing to identify themselves as republicans or democrats, and a growing number who regard themselves as independents. – A big increase in split ticket voting-voting for candidates of different parties for different offices at the same election. – Various structural changes and reforms that have made the parties more â€Å"open,† but have also led to greater internal conflict and disorganization. These changes range from the introduction of the direct primary in the early 1900s to the more recent and far-reaching changes in campaign finance laws. – Changes in the technology of campaigning for office-especially the heavy use of television and of the Internet, professional campaign managers, and direct-mail advertising Ch.7 15. Nomination: the naming of those who will seek office 16. Closed Primary: party nominating where declared party members can vote 17. Precinct: a voting district 18. Soft Money: used for party building activities given by the local state. 19. General Election: regularly scheduled elections at which voters make the selection of officeholders 20. Open Primary: any qualified voter can take part in this nomination 21. Ballot: a device were voter registers a choice in a election 22. Hard Money: campaign money that is subject to regulation by the FEC 23. Caucus: is a group of like-minded people who meet to select the candidates they will support in an upcoming election. 24. Absentee Voting: voting by those unable to attend the polling place 25. Political Action Committee: political groups which have a major take on public policy 26. Direct Primary: is an intra-party election 27. Coattail Effect: when a strong candidate helps other candidates in the election by parties ticket. 28. Subsidy: grant of money from the government Questions 12. What are the five broad categories that describe the way most nominations are made? – Self-announcement – Caucus – Convention – Direct primary – Petition 15. Explain the arguments for and against the closed primary. -The arguments for a closed primary believe that the votes will be fairer and against the closed primary believe it violates the Constitution, which I personally believe it does. 16. What is the overall purpose and importance of election law in the American political process? -The overall purpose is that all people have an equal chance to participate in the political process equally. 20. Describe recent technological advances and changes that make it easier for Americans to vote. – Major technological advancements that have affected musical performances include the Compact Disc, the television, and most of  all, the radio. 21. Briefly describe the role and importance of money in the election process. -Financial donations to a candidate’s campaign allow the campaign to purchase advertising, signs, and to travel for campaigning. 22. (a) Identify five types of private donors to political campaigns. (b) Why might these individuals and groups wish to contribute money to political candidates? -Donors to political campaigns are PACs, 527’s, parties, interest groups, and private citizens. ACs work by raising money from people employed by a corporation or in a trade union. These are called â€Å"connected PACs† and they rarely ask for donations from the general public although legally they are free to do so. 23. Outline the limitation placed on individual and PAC contributions to the federal candidate and political parties. -No person can give more than $2,100 to any federal candidate in a primary election, and no more than $2,100 to and federal candidate’s general election campaign. Also, no person can give more than $5,000 in any year to a political action committee, or %26,700 to a national party committee. The total of any person’s contributions to federal candidates and committees now must be limited to no more than $101,400 in an election cycle. 24. (a) How does a candidate for President qualify for public funding? (b) What rules must candidates follow if they accept public funds? – To qualify for public funding, Presidential candidates and party convention committees must first meet various eligibility requirements, such as agreeing to limit campaign spending to a specified amount 25. Identify and explain the three major loopholes in today’s federal election-money statues. -Campaign finance loopholes include â€Å"soft money† contributions to parties by unions and corporations, independent expenditure is spending by someone outside a campaign that is not coordinated with the campaign and volunteer activity. Ch. 8 29. Public Affairs: politics, public issues, and making of public policies 30. Public Opinion Poll: devices that attempt to collect information by asking questions 31. Sound Bite: snappy reports that can be aired in 30 or 45 seconds or so 32. Public Opinion: those attitudes help by a significant number of people on matters of government 33. Sample: a representative slice of the total universe 34. Mass Media: communication that reaches large widely spread audiences simultaneously 35. Random Sample: probability slice of the total universe 36. Interest Group: private organizations whose members share certain views and work to shape public policy 37. Quota Sample: sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given universe Questions 11. Why is it incorrect to say that public opinion represents the single, undivided view of the American people? – Public opinion is a complex collection of the opinions of many different people. It is the sum of all of their views. It is not the single and undivided view of some mass mind. 12. Why are the influences of education and family so powerful in development of political attitudes? – The influence of education and family is so powerful because these are our most basic and strong concerns in this type of society. 13. Besides education and family, what other forces help influence public opinion in American society? – There are many other forces, including mass media†¦ especially internet and cable T.V. They have a great influence currently. I find that particularly interesting that these influences have co-opted some more traditional elements of the culture, especially books, newspapers, and face-to-face interactions within primary groups. 14. Name at least three ways in which public opinion can be expressed. -Radio, newspaper, television 17. What is the most reliable means of measuring public opinion? – The Sample Survey is regarded as the best way to measure public opinion today, although it has its faults and detractors. Most people today use the internet to give their opinion so no one can really measure the exact number. 20. What factors can make a public opinion poll less than completely accurate? – Polls get less accurate if there are lots of possible answers to a question instead of a simple yes/no. A good example of this is asking people which one of the dozen or so presidential candidates in each party they support. The error margin will be a higher for this question than for the Bush question above. 21. (a) What are the four major sources of political information in the United States? (b) List at least one advantage of each source. -Television: broadcasts nation-wide to the American people -Newspaper: generally carry political news, and news of independence -Radio: exposed the American people to national and international politics as never before. -Magazines: generally devoted to literature and the social graces 23. Explain the impact of the mass media on the public agenda. – The mass media can impact public agenda by selectively reporting news and covering only one side of a story. 24. What is the impact of the mass media on electoral politics? -Most of the media wish to get rid of the Electoral College due to the idea that we no longer need someone else to vote for us. Thus, deciding the president of the United States. 25. What factors limit the impact of the mass media on American politics? -Language may be seen as a political factor in mass media, particularly in instances where a society is characterized by a large number of languages spoken by its populace. The choice of language of mass media may represent a bias towards the group most likely to speak that language, and can limit the public participation by those who do not speak the language. Ch. 9 38. Public Policy: goals for the government and pursues at it attempts to realize these goals 39. Propaganda: a technique of persuasion aimed at influencing individual or group behaviors 40. Trade Association: segments of the business community also have their own interest groups 41. Lobbying: usually defined as those activities by which group pressures are brought to bear on legislators 42. Labor Union: an organization of workers who share the same type of job or who work in the industry 43. Public-Interest group: a group that seeks to institute certain public policies Questions 12. Why are interest groups sometimes called â€Å"pressure groups† or â€Å"special interests†? – Generally, because they represent a specific segment of the overall population. Not everyone is handicapped, so an interest group representing them would be a â€Å"special† interest group because bills/policies affecting them would not affect the general population 16. How do interest groups add an element to the checks-and-balances feature of the political process? – They keep close tabs on the work of various public agencies and  officials and thus help to make sure that they perform their tasks in responsible and effective ways. 18. Into what category do most interest groups fall? – Interest groups use advocacy and lobbying to influence public policy without seeking election to office. This puts them under the category of lobbyist. 19. What is the difference between private and public –interest groups? -Public interest groups are those whose membership and, in some cases, investments are open to the general public. Private are essentially clubs with closed memberships and whose transactions are shielded from both public and government scrutiny. 20. (a) On what kinds of issues do labor groups generally agree? (b) On what kinds of issues might labor interests have different points of view? -Wages, Health Insurance, Family Leave, etc. Most labor groups may want to have certain rights of their unions before they work for a higher salary, while other groups may value a raise in salary more. 23. What are the goals of a propagandist? – Propagandists (i.e. advertisers, persuaders and even brainwashers) are interested in influencing others to agree with their point of views. 25. At what stages of policymaking must lobbyists be involved? -Lobbying is done at later stages of policy making. The lobbyist imparts her information with the help of graphs, charts, polls, and reports that she has hunted up or created.

Athletic Activities

Whether played or watched, athletic activities have greatly impacted on the environment. The footprints of the participants highly abuse the natural environment. For example, the Ski slopes cause a lot of disruption to the alpine ecosystem. On the same pedigree, snowmobiles spew exhaust a lot of fumes into the air. When spewed, the fumes become dangerous to the living organisms within the environment (O'Reilly et al. 2015). Similarly, the golf courses sprawl across the land, and in long run, consume a large number of pesticides and water. The land dug causes a lot of potholes on the land, which is a residing place for the insects. Stagnant water encourages the breeding of land and water organisms and animals like snakes, which are dangerous to the health of man. Well notable, many golf players prefer their courses to be blanketed in the velvety green grass. They do this regardless of where the course is located, be it the beach, the desert, or a naturally lush locale. While carrying out the course, there are a lot of potholes that are dug in the environment. According to Mullenbach and Green (2018), despite high-level use, documented cases of environmental harm from pesticides on golf courses are rare. In one instance, hundreds of Canadian geese have been found dead on the Seaway Harbor fairways in Hempstead, New York apparently, which was poisoned by diazinon. As a result of this, an organophosphate insecticide was subsequently banned from golf course application following the manner in which it was destroying the environment. Another organophosphate pesticide, known as fenamiphos, has produced fish kills when washed into waterways from golf courses after heavy rains (Mullenbach and Green 2018). Today, fenamiphos is now being phased out in Florida, where these fish kills have occurred, and a nationwide ban will be complete in 2007, Cohen says. Cohen believes that when properly applied, golf course pesticides pose a low risk of exposure to players and nearby residential population

Why Compare Political Systems essays

Why Compare Political Systems essays Comparative politics can be defined as examining political realities in countries all over the world. It looks at the many ways governments operate and the ways people behave in political life. To say that comparing political systems is a waste of time and that we cannot learn anything from this process is a false statement. There are many things that can be learned by studying and comparing political systems, such as how governments are structured and how they function, the process through which governments interact with their populations in pursing community goals, how political leaders and the population behave in politics, and how political leaders and the public think about and feel about politics and how their feelings affect their behavior.1 By studying and comparing these different aspects of different political systems, we are able to learn more about the system in which we live, we can also determine which systems are successful and which systems are not. Throughout time there has always been diversity in political systems across the world.1 Different political systems and governments are two of the many things that make this world a very interesting place to live. In order to better understand how the system in which you live works, you first have to understand were that particular system comes from and how it came about. For example, there is know way to fully understand the political system of the United States without first knowing were the first settlers came from, their reason for coming, and what they did when they came. If people would take time to understand and compare different political systems to their own, the issue of foreign policy, and one group understanding and respecting another would not be as big of an issue as it is today. In order to fully understand democracy you have to do more than just concentrate of the American version of democracy. Democracie ...

Home Appliances To The Countryside Social Policy Essay Essays

Home Appliances To The Countryside Social Policy Essay Essays Home Appliances To The Countryside Social Policy Essay Paper Home Appliances To The Countryside Social Policy Essay Paper 2009 ) . Every 100 Chinese rural families possess the figure of colour TVs, rinsing machines, cell phones and iceboxs merely 2/3, 1/2, 1/2 and 1/4 severally of the of urban families. The asymmetric information between the rural occupant and the electronic place contraption industry consequences in inauspicious choice. This state of affairs imposed the market failure as advancing electronic place contraptions to rural countries. Hence, the subsidy policy of electronic place contraptions for rural countries can be regarded as a policy support by the authorities in order to advance electronic place contraptions and, therefore drive a long-run structural alteration when promoting makers to plan rural usage merchandises ( Credit Suisse, 2009 ) . In the 3rd one-fourth of 2008, the hazard of 2nd mortgage in the United State provoked the planetary fiscal tsunami. Due to the eruption of the planetary fiscal tsunami, the planetary economic system is in recession and the export of China suffered a great loss. Furthermore, when the fiscal crisis has plunged the universe into recession, protectionism in the Earth market has been on the rise. Harmonizing to a recent World Bank survey, from October 2008 to February 2009, forty seven trade-restricting steps were implemented ( E. Gamberoni and R. Newfarmer, 2009 ) . While the authorization had paid attending on the lifting tide of trade protectionism and recession of export market, by the manner of the primary success of the pilot undertaking and the first extension of the plan in the December 2008, the authorities announced the place contraptions to the countryside plan would be extended into a national broad graduated table in February 2009 ( Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerc e and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to the notice, the authorities aims to hike domestic demand to procure economic growing, better populating criterion of the state s rural population, hike domestic ingestion and excite the industrial production growing through the plan extension. Such national broad subsidy policy covers the full rural countries in the state with nine classs of place electronic contraption points. Significances and purposes of this survey: After the extension of the place contraptions to the countryside plan in February 2009, it nationally targeted to the full rural occupants. Harmonizing to the National Bureau of Statistics, the population of rural occupants is 7.2 hundred million about, which is 55.06 % of the population of China ( National Bureau of Statistics, 2008 ) . With this big Numberss of mark participants, how the plan to advance and implement remainders on the authorities and the electronic place contraptions industries. The Chinese Premier, Wen Jiabao, has commented on the China s stimulus bundle. Harmonizing to his address, the China s stimulus bundle is designed to both sustain economic growing and better people s support . Policies related to impacting people s wellbeing are given precedence to apportion public resources ( Embassy of China in the US, 2009 ) . Namely, the authorization regards the subsidy policy a important scheme to increase domestic demand and procure the economic growing under the current economic system circumstance and besides a policy that besides aims to better the populating criterion of the rural occupants. Ministry of Commerce estimations that the place contraptions to the countryside plan will hike domestic ingestion and achieves RMB 150 billion in the first twelvemonth and wholly hike RMB 920 billion at the terminal of the plan. However, comparison with the approximative RMB 150 billion rural disbursement, the proportion is comparatively little. During the first 10 month of 2009, the national gross revenues of the subsidy plan was 2787.8 units which accounted for RMB 5.08 billion. Within this period, the gross revenues figure record a continued dropping in August and September while the gross revenues in August was around RMB 7.6 billion, and it was every bit low as RMB 6.2 billion in September. ( People s Daily, 2009 ) . It was the first clip of a continued two months gross revenues decline from the RMB 8.8 billion gross revenues in the July. These figures reveal that the result of the subsidy plan is non able to run into the original estimate. This indicated the original appraisal is excessively optimistic and overvalues the engagements of rural occupants. The subsidy policy is a comprehensive scheme affecting big Numberss of rural occupants and big sum of money. The participants of the rural occupants are the cardinal fundamental of the subsidy policy. Rural occupants will non blindly devour what the electronic place contraption industry put on the market despite there is a 13 % subsidy from the authorities. They have their concerns and ratings to the policy. This survey chiefly focuses on the place contraptions to the countryside plan after February 2009 and its purposes to analysis the relationship among the authorities, the electronic place contraption industry and rural occupants. For the authorities, the plan is to hike domestic ingestion in the rural country to procure economic growing. For the electronic place contraption makers, they aim to derive benefits. For the rural occupants, they consider to better their life criterion after buying the electronic place contraptions through a subsided monetary value. By analyzing their different intents to take part in the plan, I will seek to reason some suggestion to heighten the efficiency of the place contraptions to the countryside plan since the result is non satisfied with the false appraisal. Literature reappraisal: Home contraptions to the countryside plan The English interlingual rendition as place contraptions to the countryside plan was officially used in the authorities and media in China. The plan foremost started as a pilot undertaking on three states and one metropolis in December 2007. After keeping the pilot undertaking for one twelvemonth, in December 2008, phrase one of the place contraptions to the countryside plan which extended its country to a sum of 14 states, straight controlled municipalities and independent parts was started. At last, in the February 2009, the plan extends to full rural countries in the state and to subsidise the rural occupants in nine classs of electronic place contraptions ( colour Television sets, iceboxs, nomadic phones, rinsing machines, air conditioners, H2O warmers, computing machines, microwave ovens and electromagnetic cookers ) . The plan will last for four old ages to 2012 and rural occupants were entitled to a 13 % subsidy on buying the selected electronic place contraptions ( limi ted within two units in each class ) . Since this subsidy plan targeted the rural occupants, merely those with rural residence qualify for the subsidies. Harmonizing to ordinances of runing the place contraptions to the countryside plan, a monetary value bound was set on each class. ( For illustration, colour Television set RMB3500, iceboxs RMB2500, nomadic phone RMB1000, rinsing machines RMB2000, etc ) . The original intent to put up such bound is to guarantee points are low-cost to the rural occupants. However, this bound was regarded as one of the factors that hinder to accomplish the approximative rural outgo. The place contraptions to countryside plan has been running for more than 10 months since February 2009 and different sorts of statistics were announced. Harmonizing to the Ministry of Commerce, there are 17 place electronic contraptions companies which has accumulated gross revenues over 100 million and they include Haier, Gree, Midea, Skyworth, Konka, TCL, Lenovo, etc. Among these companies, Haier is the endeavor which benefits the most from subsidy plan and has the highest accrued gross revenues figures of RMB 8.6 billion during the past 10 months. However, there are still 14 companies out of 348 which show break uping gross revenues while another 17 endeavors sold less than 10 units ( Minister of Commerce 2009 ) . Indexs of quality of unrecorded As mentioned earlier in this survey, the subsidy plan in besides a societal public assistance plan. This policy supports the rural occupants to purchase electronic place contraptions in order to better their life criterion. David E. Bloom, Patricia H. Craig and Pia N. Malaney in their survey concluded several indexs to measure quality of life. They are nutrition , health , education , income , gender equality , fertility , political, civil, and economic freedom , environmental quality , access to substructure , and access to information . Televisions and nomadic phone convenience their life and besides supply a channel for them to derive information. Industries are required to add particular maps which are fit to utilize in rural environment. The theoretical accounts of Mobile phone which selected in the plan are required to heighten the signal accessing ability where signal from web operators in rural environment are instability. In the long tally, the intent of the subsidy plan is steering the industries to put up production line for rural markets. As a consequence, when the plan ends in 2012, the subsidy plan is expected to actuate the production of the electronic place contraptions sector, meanwhile, excite the industrial construction development. Consumption behaviour in rural countries The place contraptions to the countryside plan is a scheme to hike domestic ingestion by promoting the rural occupants to devour more. By understanding the ingestion behaviour of the rural occupants, the authorities can gauge their contemplation and therefore the efficiency of policies can be guaranteed. Since there are assorted hierarchy of demand, people would utilize their income to purchase the basic survival resources as their precedence while the development merchandises would be subsequent and following by the leisure goods ( W.H. Wong, 1999 ) . In other words, there is a sequence of devouring. W. Guo concluded the basic sequence of spread outing disbursement of rural occupants in his survey ( W. Guo 1998 ) . It is: reproduction goods, lodging, and instruction for theyounger coevals, transit, electronic place contraptions, and trade goods. Under this sequence of devouring, we can foretell the ingestion behaviour of rural families. Basically, personal disposable income subtraction personal economy is personal ingestion outgo ( N. Gregory Manki, 2004 ) . Therefore, personal disposable income becomes one of the factors that affect personal ingestion outgo. Wong in his survey indicated that, the ingestion power and purpose to pass are different in different degree of household income. Rural families of high flat income prefer to devour to increase populating standard. On the contrast, rural families of low income degree tendency to carry through basic demand because of constraining by the limed of income. When the rural occupants can carry through their basic demand, they who are mobilized by the subsidy plan are able to devour the electronic place contraptions. Insecurity income beginning due to deficient in land usage Harmonizing to the World Bank, 90 % of poorness is still rural excepting migratory workers from the rural population ( World Bank, 2009 ) . Although per capital net income of rural families has been being steady lifting these old ages, the income spread between the urban and rural has besides grown. Harmonizing to the National Bureau of Statistic, in 2007 the per capital one-year net income of urban families is around RMB 14908, meanwhile, the per capital one-year net income of rural families is around RMB 4140, which is merely 27.7 % of the urban families ( National Bureau of Statistic, 2008 ) . Furthermore, the rural family does non experience a sense of security on their income beginning since they merely have usage rights to but make non have the land themselves. In add-on, the long-run investing in land is demotivated because of the insecurity of usage rights ( Jacoby H. , Li G. , Rozelle, S. , 2002 ) . Because of the ingestion outgo related to the personal income, in income of rural families are non security, they prefer to nest eggs instead than ingestion. It can be regarded one of the factors that demoviated the rural occupants to take part in the place contraption to countryside plan. Coverage of Social Security is low in rural countries Harmonizing to China Social Security Annual Bulletin, in 2007, there were about 476 million people in China s rural labour force. However, in that twelvemonth, the Numberss of workers contributed to the old age pension system was fewer than 52 million and merely 11 per centum of the rural labour force was covered by the strategy ( Y. Yang, J.B. Williamson, C. Shen, 2009 ) . Scholars conclude the old age pension system does non hold dependable beginning of funding, and full of jobs of financess embezzlement and is low benefits ( I. Nielsen, C. Nyland, R. Smyth, M.Q. Zhang and C. J. Zhu, 2005 ) . Since they do non and are non force to lend to the old age pension. The rural occupants rely on their nest eggs as their hazard protection. As a consequence, the attractive force to the rural occupants of the 13 % subsidy from the plan will diminish and the engagement of the rural will be affected. Game Theory Game theory is a survey of the ways in whichstrategic interactionsamongrational playersproduceoutcomeswith regard to theutilities of those participants ( Daniel Burgess, 2005 ) . In other words, game theory analyses how agents ( participants ) make determination which sufficient their ain public-service corporations instrategic state of affairss ( games ) . It is a mathematic theory which can be applied toin thesocial scientific disciplines research. It emphases that each participant involved in game will gauge their benefits and Acts of the Apostless in order to derive the best result separately. If in a state of affairs where it is non possible to increase benefits merely by the execution of one individual participant, this scheme is called the Nash equilibrium. Players involved in game relation will merely seek to profit oneself, it sometimes leads to a state of affairs of captive quandary. In such state of affairs, people do non collaborate although by so they can do both of them to be better off. The efficiency of a policy depends on the coherency between the Nash equilibrium and policy shaper s ideal focal point ( Osborne, Martin J. A ; Rubinstein, Ariel, 2003 ) . Every participant involves a policy will do different picks which affect the result and efficiency of a policy. As a consequence, we can utilize the decision by analysing game theoretical accounts of each participant to better the efficiency of a policy. Arguments: The place contraptions to the countryside plan has double maps. On one manus, it is an economic policy that emphases on keeping economic system growing by hiking domestic ingestion. On the other manus, it is a societal public assistance policy that accents on bettering the populating criterion of rural occupants by subsidising them to buy electronic place contraptions. The authorities, the electronic place contraptions industry and the rural occupants can take their ain schemes to take part to the place contraptions to countryside plan. This survey argues the game dealingss among the participants of the place contraptions to countryside plan will impede the rural occupants to take part to the plan. As a consequence, the expected result of the subsidy plan will be held back. Theoretical model: As mentioned before, harmonizing to the game theory, the efficiency of a policy depends on the coherency between the Nash equilibrium and policy shaper s ideal focal point. The spread between the aims and consequences of the policy originated from the game dealingss among the participants. Although the authorities has had a good purpose, the consequences of the plan gained at present were non conforming to the original appraisal. In this survey, a game-theoretic theoretical account is used to analyze the relationships among rural occupants, endeavors and authoritiess under the policy that rural occupants are encouraged to take part to the subsidy plan. The authorities can take to optimise the plan in order to pull more rural occupants to take part and devour. The rural occupant can take to or non to take part in the plan by ciphering their benefit and loss. As each participant seeks to fulfill its public-service corporation, this plan can be analyzed as an n-person non-cooperative ga me. This paper tries to relocate the functions of authoritiess, and set frontward some policy suggestion on advancing the place contraptions to the countryside plan. Research Methodology In research methodological analysis, I will utilize informations analysis every bit good as papers analysis methods to analyse in which countries the authorities should better the place contraptions to the countryside plan. The Ministry of Commerce and the National Bureau of Statistics have been proclaiming informations about the subsidy plan each month. Furthermore, Thought these informations, the game dealingss among the participants in the plan ( including the authorities, the industry and rural occupants ) can be examined. Since the subsidy plan is extremely concerned by the populace. Scholars have been investigated and commented on the plan. Their researches can lend to relevance the game relation among the participants. Bibliography Full text of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao s address at 2009 Summer Davos in Dalian . ( 2009 ) , Embassy of the People s Republic of China in the United States of America. Avaliable online: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.china-embassy.org/chn/zt/t583718.htm ( accessed 4 November 2009 ) Guanyu quanguo tuiguang jia dian xia xiang gongzuo de tongzhi ( Notice from three authorities sections about the national implementtiona of home contraptions to the countryside plan ) , Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerce, and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China. Available online: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-12/05/content_1169347.htm ( accessed 30 October 2009 ) Jia dian xia xiang yun niang zheng Ce tiao zheng, zhong biao chi ye jiang you tao Thai zhi , Ministry of Commerce, China. Caidian hangye juyu yu tiaozhan bingcun ( The Color Television industry: Opportunities and Challenges ) , Ceneral Administration of Customs of China. Available online: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.customs.gov.cn:82/gate/big5/www.customs.gov.cn/Portals/0/jcyj/-ifbase4-base76-vfHE6jG8vrbIztK5+rLKteez9r-awb-D98-Uz8K9tbLKtefQ0NK1u-rT9tPrzPTVvbKitOYuZG9j ( accessd 20 November 2009 ) Xiaoshou yu ladong neisu yuqi you cha ju, jiadian xiiaxiang yunniang tiaozheng ( Gap between the Gross saless and the estimated ingestion, home contraptions to the state plan is brew to set ) . Renmin ribao ( People s Daily ) . 19 November 2009 Daniel Burgess, ( 2005 ) Utilitarianism, Game Theory and the Social Contract , Macalester Journal of Philosophy, Volume 14, Issue 1. P.75 Elisa Gamberoni and Richard Newfarmer. ( 2009 ) Trade Protection: Incipient but Worrisome Trend , Trade Notes. Ingrid Nielsen, Chris Nyland, Russell Smyth, Mingqiong Zhang and Cherrie Jiuhua Zhu ( 2005 ) . Which Rural Migrants Receive Social Insurance in Chinese Cites? , Sage: Global Social polic, P.353-381 Jacoby, H. , Li, G. , Rozelle, S. , ( 2002 ) Hazards of expropriation: term of office insecurity and investing in rural China . American Economic Review, v. 92, n. 5, p. 1.420-1.447. National Bureau of Statistics of China. ( 2008 ) Population and Composition , China Statistical Yearbook 2008. 3-1, 9-5, and 9-20. Available online: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2008/indexce.htm ( accessed 4 Nov ) N. Gregory Mankiw. ( 2004 ) Principles of Economics , Thomson Learning, Chapter 26. Osborne, Martin J. A ; Rubinstein, Ariel. ( 2003 ) Sampling equilibrium, with an application to strategic vote . Games and Economic Behavior, P.434-441. Study Group of Asia Technology Research Analyst Team. ( 2009 ) , China s electronics subsidy programme , Credit Suisse. Study Group of China Research and Intelligence Co. ( 2009 ) Research Report on Chinese Home Appliance Manufacturing Industry, 2008-2009 , China Research and Intelligence Co. Wang Guanqun. ( 2009 ) Home contraptions shapers catch their breath as rural gross revenues roar ( text ) , Xinhua News, 31 May. Available online: hypertext transfer protocol: //news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-05/31/content_11463552.htm ( accessed 4 November2009 ) . Wei Guo. ( 1998 ) Non cun shi Chang Jiang he yi qi Er bu dong , Jing Jemaah Islamiyah xue xin xi bao. China. Weihong Wong. ( 1999 ) Zhong guo nong cun ju min xiao fei de ji ben qu shi Jemaah Islamiyah zhi Yue nong min xiao fei xing wei dei Jemaah Islamiyah ben yin su fen xi ( An analyze of factors that constructs to the ingestion behaviour in rural country of China ) , National Economic Research Institute, China Reform Foundation. P.13 World Bank. ( 2009 ) China, From Poor Areas to Poor People. China: World Bank. Yinan Yang, John B. Williamson, Ce Shen ( 2009. ) Social security for China s rural aged: a proposal based on a universal on conducive pension , International Journal of Social Welfare.

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Evidence-Based Practice Paper Essay Example for Free

Evidence-Based Practice Paper Essay The evidence-based practice guideline that I chose is titled, â€Å"Myocardial Infarction,† written by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim. The intended users for this guideline are health care providers and physicians. The target population is individuals with suspected or known myocardial infarction. The objective of this guideline is to â€Å"collect, summarize, and update the core clinical knowledge essential in general practice† and â€Å"describe the scientific evidence underlying the given recommendations.† (Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2008) Clarity and Researchability of the Study’s Purpose and Question According to the researchers, the purpose of the study is â€Å"to test how teaching format (factual versus storytelling) and restructuring the social norm of caring for others to caring for self affects how women learn to identify and respond to myocardial infarction (MI) symptoms. † (McDonald, Goncalves, Almario, Krajewski, Cervera, Kaeser, et al., 2006, p.216) I feel that the purpose of the study is significant to nursing because nurses need to educate patients about what symptoms to observe for and report to their primary care providers. Also, if this study could determine which teaching format would better assist patients in acknowledging significant symptoms of an MI needed to contact EMS, then nurses could possibly be better able to educate patients about those symptoms. I believe that the study title of â€Å"Assisting Women to Learn Myocardial Infarction Symptoms,† is more general than the three research questions listed in the study: (a) â€Å"Are women who are taught how to recognize and respond to symptoms of an MI using a storytelling format more likely to be able to identify symptoms and plan to get help than women who are taught the same information using a factual format?†, (b) â€Å"Does teaching women to cognitively restructure the ‘caring for others’ social norm to ‘caring for self’ make them more likely to identify symptoms of an MI and plan to call EMS than women who are not taught this form of cognitive restructuring?†, and (c) â€Å"Are women who have been taught MI symptoms and response using the storytelling format and who were taught cognitive restructuring of the ‘caring for others’ to ‘caring for self’ social norms more likely to identify symptoms of an MI and plan to call EMS than women who were provided factual information about MI symptoms and response, and who were not offered cognitive restructuring?† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.217-218) The two independent variables identified in the study are â€Å"teaching format (factual vs. storytelling) and social norms (caring for others first vs. caring for self)† and the dependent variable is â€Å"the posttest knowledge of MI symptoms.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220) The American Heart Association (cited in McDonald, et al., 2006, p.216) states that â€Å"heart disease remains the leading cause of death for women and kills over 248,000 women each year in the United States.† Mosca, Ferris, Fabunmi, Robinson (cited in McDonald, et al., 2006, p.216) states that â€Å"the majority of women remain unaware that heart disease is the leading cause of death for women, despite a significant increase in awareness since 2000.† While the assumptions of the researchers are not clearly stated, I would assume that the researchers believe that women need to be further educated about the symptoms of MI in order â€Å"to avoid disabling or life-ending consequences from MI.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.216) Adequacy and Relevance of the Literature Review I feel that the literature review is relevant to the problem because they discuss the differences in MI symptoms among genders and which symptoms were commonly reported by women. DeVon and Zerwic (cited in McDonald, et al., 2006, p.216-217) â€Å"reviewed studies on gender differences in MI symptoms and concluded that symptoms were similar across gender; however, in seven studies back pain, dyspnea, and nausea and vomiting occurred more frequently in women.† According to McSweeney, O’Sullivan, Cody, Crane (cited in McDonald, et al., 2006, p.217) â€Å"women who have experienced an MI often describe additional symptoms besides chest pain, such as weakness, shortness of breath, unusual fatigue, diaphoresis, nausea, feeling flushed or dizzy, or a heavy feeling in the arms.† The literature review also discusses the possible reasons for why women delay in contacting EMS when symptoms of MI do occur. Finnegan et al (cited in McDonald, et al., 2006, p.217) states that â€Å"women might delay responding to their own MI symptoms to meet their caregiver responsibilities.† The literature review is logically organized, because it clearly talks about the differences among identification of MI symptoms among genders, along with the possible reasons for the delay among women in reporting their symptoms in order to receive immediate attention. The discussion about women not wanting to take care of themselves in order to continue assuming the responsibility of caring for their families, supports the research question of â€Å"cognitively restructuring the ‘caring for others’ social norm to ‘caring for self’.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.217) I feel that the 23 references used were appropriate for this study. The dates of the references range from 1989 to 2005, with this study being published in the May/June 2006 issue of Public Health Nursing. Majority of the references (20/23) had to deal with heart disease, while the remaining three discussed (a) theory of planned behavior, (b) story telling as a tool, and (c) applied multivariate statistics. Both, primary and secondary sources were used as references. Agreement between Purpose, Design, and Methods The study design described is â€Å"a pretest posttest full factorial experimental design with educational format (storytelling vs. factual) by social norms (restructuring the social norm of â€Å"caring for others† vs. no restructuring).† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.218) According to LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) â€Å"a true experimental design has three identifying properties: (a) randomization, (b) control, and (c) manipulation† (p.179). In the study, the researchers randomly assigned the participants to one of four groups, each group receiving a different type of informational MI symptom pamphlet. LoBiondo-Wood Haber also state that â€Å"experimental designs are the most powerful for testing cause-and-effect relationships due to the control, manipulation, and randomization components† (p.185), which I think makes the design appropriate for answering the research questions in this study. Data was collected by having participants respond in writing first to a demographic form, and then to a Heart Attack Survey, both before and after, reading an informational pamphlet about MI symptoms. â€Å"The Heart Attack Survey consisted of two questions. The first question was open ended, ‘list all of the signs and symptoms of a heart attack that you are aware of.’ The second question used a 0-10 scale, with the corresponding anchors definitely would not call and definitely would call, to measure the behavioral intention of calling 911 within 30 min if heart attack symptoms occur.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.219) I feel that their data collection procedure is logical and practical because paper-and-pencil instruments â€Å"are most useful for collecting data on variables that cannot be directly observed or measured by physiological instruments.† (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010, p.274) The researchers did not clearly discuss their instruments in terms of content validity and reliability. LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) define validity as â€Å"the extent to which an instrument measures the attributes of a concept accurately† and reliability as â€Å"the ability of an instrument to measure the attributes of a concept or construct consistency† (p.286). I think that both of their instruments were valid since the demographic form only measured demographic info, and the Heart Attack Survey only measured the number of MI symptoms the participants knew along their intent to call 911. However, I do not think the Heart Attack Survey was very reliable, since the researchers did mention that many of the women did not answer the same MI symptoms on the posttest that they had mentioned on the pretest. If the instrument was reliable, I would believe that the posttest would have the same MI symptoms as listed on the pretest, along with any new symptoms the women learned from reading the informational pamphlets. Suitability of the Sampling Procedure and the Sample I feel that the researchers used a convenience sample consisting of 113 adult women. The women were recruited by graduate nursing student data collectors in shopping malls, restaurants, and other public areas. â€Å"Inclusion criteria included of (1) female, and (2) age 25 years or older, and (3) able to speak, read, and understand English or Spanish. Exclusion criteria included (1) previous MI, (2) physician or nurse, or (3) current or past EMS worker.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.218) Descriptive characteristics of the sample include: (a) a mean age of around 42 years, (b) majority of participants having a high school education, with about an additional 36% having higher education, (c) most women were white, with next largest racial group consisting of black Americans, (d) nearly more than half being of non-Hispanic ethnicity, (e) few women having personal history of heart disease, while around half reported family history of heart disease, and (f) half reporting having careg iver responsibilities. I think the sample size was adequate for the study. The researchers state that â€Å"a small effect size for the intervention effect was anticipated based on the REACT findings† and â€Å"the sample size needed for a four-group multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with a power of 0.80, a significance level of .05, two dependent variables, and a small anticipated effect size was n=115.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.218) There were an additional seven participants, but were not included in the final sample because they provided incomplete data, by not completing both the pretest and the posttest. The researchers state that â€Å"there were no significant differences between women completing the study and women not completing the study for age, ethnicity, race, marital status, education, having health insurance, a personal history of heart disease, a family history of heart disease, or responsibility for caring for others.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220) The researchers state that â€Å"the study was approved for human subjects’ protection by the university internal review board.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.219) The researchers also state in their study that â€Å"each participant was provided verbal informed consent and a copy of the study information sheet.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.219) Correctness of Analytic Procedures The statistical procedures named in the study are: (a) analysis of variance (ANOVA), (b) χ2 (chi-square), (c) Pearson’s r correlation, (d) t test, and (e) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). According to LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) â€Å"analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is a statistic that measures differences among group means and uses a statistical technique to equate the groups under study in relation to an important variable† (p.574). In the study, McDonald, et al., (2006) tested the three research questions through ANCOVA: The two independent variables—teaching format (factual vs. storytelling) and social norms (caring for others first vs. caring for self)—were entered as the grouping variable. The pretest knowledge of MI symptoms served as the covariate, and the posttest knowledge of MI symptoms was entered as the dependent variable. (p.220) Since the study wanted to know the type of MI symptoms that the women could identify, the level of measurement for this study would be nominal. According to LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) â€Å"when data are at the nominal level and the researcher wants to determine whether groups are different, the researcher uses the chi-square (χ2)† (p.326). The MI symptoms would be considered categorical variables because they could have â€Å"more than two true values†; also, since only one point was given to each symptom identified, â€Å"there was no order† to the variables. (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010, p.312) The researchers listed several p values in their study: (a) â€Å"the factual information with the social norms restructured group had more White participants (26.6%) and less non-White participants (0.9%) than the other conditions, χ2(3) = 7.94, p .05†, (b) â€Å"women responding to the English instruments reported significantly more symptoms (M = 6.4; SD = 2.73) than women (n=29) responding to the Spanish instruments (M = 4.7; SD = 3.26), t (111) = 2.75, p .007†, and (c) â€Å"for the pretest the number of MI symptoms and the 911 response score were unrelated, r (113) = 0.16, p .09, and slightly related, r (113) = 0.20, p .04, on the posttest.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220) According to LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) â€Å"the minimum level of significance acceptable for nursing research is 0.05† (p.322). Clarity of Findings The findings described under the results section state that â€Å"the women identified significantly more MI symptoms after reading the MI pamphlet.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220) â€Å"Table 1contains frequencies for the entire sample of the most frequently identified MI symptoms on the pretest and posttest.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220) Table 1 highlights the finding that a majority of the MI symptoms were identified more frequently on the posttest when compared to the pretest. â€Å"Table 2 contains group frequencies for identified MI symptoms, with pretest frequencies for each of the four groups preceding the posttest frequencies,† which highlights the finding that â€Å"no significant group differences emerged for storytelling and social norms.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220) While the results did show that â€Å"women generally learned three more MI symptoms to add to their previous knowledge of the commonly identified MI symptoms, chest pain, shortness of breath, and arm pain,† the results also discuss that â€Å"the storytelling versus factual format for teaching women about MI symptoms did not affect how women learned MI symptoms.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.221) I feel that these results show that more research is needed in order to find a way to adequately teach women the symptoms of MI and which symptoms would require them to quickly contact 911. While I do not think the conclusions are generalized beyond the sample, I agree with the researchers when they state that it is important for everyone to know that â€Å"MI symptoms are ambiguous, and that even when people are unsure about their MI symptoms they should always call 911.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.222) The researchers state in their study that there were â€Å"several potential limitations† that could have impacted their results: (a) participants were recruited from the community and might not have carefully read the informational pamphlets, â€Å"potentially reducing the amount of information learned†, (b) the words ‘heart attack’ were not included in â€Å"the content of the factual group pamphlets,† which might have led the women in that group to not associate the â€Å"symptom information with MI symptoms,† (c) â€Å"the pretest and posttest were identical and separated only by the time taken to read the intervention pamphlet† which as a result â€Å"might not reflect symptoms that the women later remember and identify as potential MI symptoms,† (d) â€Å"many women did not include all of the MI symptoms that they wrote on the pretest, decreasing the score that they received for identifying MI symptoms,† (e) â€Å"the MI symptom score did not reflect if the same symptom was included on the pretest and posttest, or if commonly occurring but less frequently recognized MI symptoms were learned,† and (f) â€Å"the 911 scale proved to be an inadequate measure of response to MI symptoms.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.222) According to LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) â€Å"a research study using a true experimental design is commonly called a randomized control trial (RCT)† (p.179). LoBiondo-Wood Haber also state that â€Å"an individual RCT generates Level II evidence because of the minimal bias introduced by this design through use of randomization, control, and manipulation† (p.179). Since this study used a â€Å"pretest posttest full factorial experimental design† and â€Å"the participating women were randomly assigned, using a web-based random number generator, to one of the four experimental conditions,† I would classify this study as an RCT generating Level II evidence. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.218) According to the evidence-based practice guideline that I chose, â€Å"instead of chest pain, acute dyspnoea may be the primary symptom† and â€Å"the diagnosis should be made without delay since early therapy improves the prognosis decisively.† (Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2008) I feel that the results of this study support the guideline because it is important for women to be able to recognize the symptoms of MI early on and â€Å"be aware of their risk for an MI so that they can secure immediate emergency medical care when symptoms of an MI occur.† (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.216) References Finnish Medical Society Duodecim. (2008). Myocardial infarction. Retrieved from the National Guideline Clearinghouse website. http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15doc_id=12794nbr=006596string=myocardial+AND+infarction LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J. (2010). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence- based practice, 7th Ed. St. Louis: Mosby. McDonald, D. D., Goncalves, P. H., Almario, V. E., Krajewski, A. L., Cervera,